Psychiatry /
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Panic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and unexpected panic attacks. A panic attack is an intense episode of fear or discomfort that reaches its peak within minutes. These attacks can occur without warning and often lead to the individual avoiding situations where they fear another attack may happen.
Panic disorder is classified under the category of anxiety disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). It may be further categorized into the following:
Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia: When the individual experiences panic attacks and avoids places or situations due to the fear of not being able to escape or get help.
Panic Disorder without Agoraphobia: Individuals experience panic attacks but do not avoid situations due to a fear of being unable to escape.
Sudden, intense fear or discomfort.
A racing heart or palpitations.
Sweating or chills.
Shortness of breath or a feeling of being smothered.
Chest pain or discomfort.
Dizziness or lightheadedness.
Nausea or abdominal distress.
Feelings of choking or tightness in the throat.
Numbness or tingling sensations.
Hot flashes or chills.
Fear of losing control or "going crazy."
Fear of dying.
The exact cause of panic disorder is not fully understood, but several factors may contribute:
Genetics: Family history of panic disorder or other anxiety disorders may increase the risk.
Brain Chemistry: Imbalance in neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) may play a role.
Stress: Major life changes or traumatic events can trigger panic attacks.
Physical Health Conditions: Certain medical conditions, like hyperthyroidism or heart disease, may mimic or contribute to panic symptoms.
Learned Behavior: Past experiences and learned responses may make an individual more prone to developing panic disorder
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): A form of psychotherapy that helps individuals identify and change negative thought patterns that contribute to anxiety.
Medication:
Antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs or SNRIs) are often used to manage symptoms.
Benzodiazepines may be prescribed for short-term relief of acute symptoms, although they are not recommended for long-term use due to dependency risks.
Beta-blockers may be used to control physical symptoms, such as a racing heart.
Exposure Therapy: Involves gradual and controlled exposure to feared situations to help reduce fear and avoidance behavior.
Relaxation Techniques: Deep breathing exercises, meditation, and progressive muscle relaxation can help manage symptoms.
Lifestyle Modifications: Reducing caffeine intake, getting regular exercise, and improving sleep patterns can also be helpful in managing panic disorder.
You experience recurrent panic attacks.
Symptoms interfere with your daily life or cause significant distress.
You feel constantly anxious about having another attack.
You begin avoiding places or situations where you previously had panic attacks.
There’s a concern about an underlying medical condition that may be contributing to your symptoms.
